Museum of: Budapest
    Name of the artefact: Headless idol (for interchangeable heads)
   
Unearthed from a settlement of the Baden culture. Ritual animal burials, two contracted skeletal graves and a carved stela were also found at this site.
                                 
 
WHERE IS IT AND MAIN CHARACTERISTICS
 
STATE
 
Department:
Department of Prehistoric and Migration Period
Preservation:
Very good
Inventory number:
BTM 86.1.488.
Restauration:
Restored
Name of the artefact:
Headless idol (for interchangeable heads)
Completeness:
Complete
Object type:
Human figurine
 
Material:
Clay
Methof of manufacture:
Hand made
Decoration type:
Incision
Distinctive mark:
Cross-strap as symbol of power
DIMENSIONS
 
PERIOD OF USE
Length (mm):
-
Epoque:
Copper Age
Heigth (mm):
105
Culture:
Baden culture
Diameter (mm):
-
Period:
Late Copper Age
Width (mm):
104
Face:
Classical
Thickness (mm):
38
Absolute chronology:
3700-2800 BC
Weight (g):
-
DISCOVERY
Date:
1982
Country:
Hungary
District:
Budapest, IV
Town hall affiliation:
-
Village:
-
Discovery findspot:
Budapest-Káposztásmegyer-Farkaserdő
Condition of discovery:
Chance Discovery
Discovery type:
Deposit
 
ANALYSES – DETERMINATIONS
 
FILLED IN BY
Type:
-
Name:
Anna Endrődi
Laboratory:
-
Institution:
Budapest History Museum
No./Code:
-
Date:
20/10/2005
 
DEEPENINGS

Morphology of the object:

Showing anthropomorphic characteristics, this idol fragment remains from the waist down to the middle of the thighs, emphasizing the female sexual characteristics.

Decoration:

The front side of the fragment is decorated with pressed-in parallel triangles, that emphasize the female sexual characteristics. The rear side shows decoration made up of incised zigzag lines. Pressed lines run along the waist of the fragment at both right and left.

Inscription:

-

Analogies:

Analogies can be found from the Baden culture circle: from 40 sites 91 similar objects were found. In Hungary 15 excavational sites have yielded such artefacts; the following are examples from the Carpathian Basin region: Budapest-Corvin tér, Aparthant (Tolna county), Balatonöszöd (Somogy county), Esztergom (Komárom-Esztergom county). Examples also from the Cernavodă III. culture circle where from 4 sites 18 objects have been excavated. An example from the Lower Danube region is: Cernavodă; examples from the Southern Balkan region are which can be connected to the early and middle phases of the Rachmani culture: Maliq, Šuplevec, Bakarno Gumno.

Interpretation:

The main characteristics of clay figures without heads (or interchangeable heads) are the 1 to 2, more rarely 3 deep holes where the head should be. According to some interpretations, interchangeable heads made of clay or wood were placed into these, but it is possible that other organic materials, for example blades of wheat were used instead. The statuettes are schematic, the arms are not represented, the legs are usually closed together. The female sexual characteristics are usually strongly emphasized by varied decorational techniques, thus the breasts and the pubic region are depicted, the roundness of the buttocks is less frequently portrayed, the rear side of the idols being mostly flat. A common decoration of such clay figurines is the cross-strap running over the breasts and back, which appear as symbols of power. A fragment of an idol found at Tököl (Hungary) has an incised sign on its back resembling a Mesopotamian pictogram, which could possibly refer to tattoos in use at the time. Such headless (or interchangeable headed) idols might have stood on the altars of domestic shrines.
Bibliography:
Endrődi, Anna Badeni idoltöredék Káposztásmegyer-Farkaserdőről. (Badener idolfragment aus Káposztásmegyer-Farkaserdő) Archaeologiai Értesítő 1987-1988, 81-85. Budapest Endrődi, Anna Ein neues spätkupferzeitliches Idolbruchstück aus Budapest (Gedanken über die Erscheinungen des religiösen Lebens) Festschrift für Nándor Kalicz zum 75. Geburtstag 401-414. 2003. Budapest Kalicz, Nándor Eigenartige anthropomorphe Plastik der kupferzeitlichen Badener Kultur im Karpatenbecken- A rézkori Baden kultúra sajátságos ember alakú plasztikája a Kárpát-medencében. Budapest Régiségei XXXVI, (Ed: A.Endrődi-N.Kalicz)11-55. Budapest 2002. Budapesti Történeti Múzeum Kalicz, Nándor Die Péceler (Badener) Kultur und Anatolien. StudArch II (1963) Budapest. Bondár, Mária Neue und vergessene Idole der Badener Kultur. ActaArchHung 51 (1999-2000) 24-34.